Socioeconomic Inequalities as Catalysts for Radicalization and Extremism in Pakistan: Implications for National Security

Abstract

National security and a country's socioeconomic pattern are deeply intertwined. A state faces an imminent threat from its existing socio-political structure if it is not aligned with an appropriate level of providing and facilitating its individuals with basic needs and opportunities. As national security promises the survival and well-being of its citizens and the state, it is employed through an integrated socio-political and economic strategies approach. This paper examines the socio-political pattern, the embedded inequalities, and the consequent rise of radicalization and extremism in Pakistan. Pakistan is facing persistent economic disparities of poverty, unemployment, and limited access to health and education. These inequalities and injustices are providing breeding conditions for extremist ideologies and groups to flourish. This disparity also brings alienation in disfranchised individuals who can easily fall prey to the groups selling offended and rebellious narratives within the state and from outside entities. This study investigates mixed-method research that combines qualitative insights and quantitative data, using statistical figures from governmental and non-governmental sources to examine the correlation between socioeconomic factors and radicalization trends. The theoretical framework has been carried out from a constructivist perspective that works on the constructed identities and the narratives causing extremism. Constructivism not only addresses the symptoms of radicalization but also focuses on the underlying causes in Pakistan. It also helps the state to build inclusive narratives to satisfy marginalized communities with the desired identity and opportunities. The study suggests actionable policy recommendations to provide educational facilities and economic development in underprivileged areas by bringing them into the mainstream socio-political structure. The study contributes to a deep understanding of the security threats that Pakistan has been facing through extremism and points out the strategies for establishing a safe and secure state.