The Impact of Forensic Science on Criminal Investigations: An In-Depth Analysis and Identification of Research Gaps

Abstract

Forensic science has revolutionized criminal investigations by integrating scientific methodologies to provide objective evidence, thereby enhancing the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of justice systems worldwide. This comprehensive article delves into the historical evolution of forensic science, from ancient practices to modern innovations, and examines its multifaceted impacts on criminal investigations. Key positive contributions include improved suspect identification through DNA analysis, streamlined investigative processes via forensic intelligence, and the exoneration of wrongfully convicted individuals. However, challenges such as human error, bias, resource constraints, and the potential for misleading evidence leading to wrongful convictions are critically analyzed. Emerging technologies like next-generation sequencing, rapid DNA profiling, and artificial intelligence (AI) are highlighted for their transformative potential. The article also identifies significant research gaps, including the need for standardized validation protocols, addressing interdisciplinary disconnects, mitigating human factors in analysis, and ensuring sustainable development amid global disparities. Drawing from a wide array of scholarly sources, this review emphasizes the imperative for continued research to bolster forensic science's integrity and efficacy in supporting equitable criminal justice outcomes.